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DELL OPTIPLEX FOR CRYPTO MINING
Transaction trie: It is created on the list of transactions within a block. The path to a specific transaction in the transaction trie is tracked based on the position of the transaction within the block. Once mined, the position of a transaction in a block does not change.
So a transaction trie never gets updated. This is similar to the Merkle tree representation of transactions in Bitcoin and the transaction verification can be done similarly. The transactionRoot is the hash of the root node of the transaction trie. Receipt trie: The receipt records the result of the transaction which is executed successfully.
It consists of four items: status code of the transaction, cumulative gas used, transaction logs, Bloom filter a data structure to quickly find logs. Here the key is an index of transactions in the block and the value is the transaction receipt. Like transaction trie, receipt trie never gets updated. For example account state consists of 4 data items. So an encoding technique is used to convert them into a uniform format that can be stored or transmitted across a network.
The values represented in tries will be the RLP encoding of the actual values. The decoding procedure is applied whenever the value is retrieved. Ethereum uses Keccak hash function. To retrieve a node from the database, the hash value of node is used as a key.
Below is an example of a block header Transaction Example: Transaction Receipt Example: Account Example Let us see a simple Merkle-Patricia Trie example used for storing the mapping between account address and ether balance. Let us see a simple Merkle-Patricia Trie example used for storing the mapping between account address and ether balance. Since the nodes are stored in the database, each node visit will require a database lookup. Why Merkle Patricia trie? We already saw how Merkle Patricia trie combines the advantages of Merkle and Patricia trie.
Now let us look into some of the benefits offered by Merkle Patricia trie. In case of state trie, it allows quick re-calculation of root hash when updates like changes in account balance, nonce, etc takes place. The root value entirely depends on data. It does not depend on the order in which updates are made.
So even if updates are done in different order, the final tree will remain the same. Hashing helps with easy detection of data changes. If any peer attempts to make alterations to the data, the root hash will change notifying other peers in the network to identify the change.
Querying is easy without requiring re-computation of the whole trie. Check whether transaction is included in a block?. Ask transaction trie. Want to check whether an account is valid?. Ask state trie Want to know your account balance? Ask receipt trie Devices with limited storage and computation capability light weight clients like mobile applications can make use of this feature for data verification.
The tries are stored in a database. So we can prove that a large amount of data is correct, without storing the whole data in the blockchain. The application is simple: suppose that there is a large database, and that the entire contents of the database are stored in a Merkle tree where the root of the Merkle tree is publicly known and trusted eg. Then, a user who wants to do a key-value lookup on the database eg.
It allows a mechanism for authenticating a small amount of data, like a hash, to be extended to also authenticate large databases of potentially unbounded size. Merkle Proofs in Bitcoin The original application of Merkle proofs was in Bitcoin, as described and created by Satoshi Nakamoto in The Bitcoin blockchain uses Merkle proofs in order to store the transactions in every block: The benefit that this provides is the concept that Satoshi described as "simplified payment verification": instead of downloading every transaction and every block, a "light client" can only download the chain of block headers, byte chunks of data for each block that contain only five things: A hash of the previous header A timestamp A proof of work nonce A root hash for the Merkle tree containing the transactions for that block.
If the light client wants to determine the status of a transaction, it can simply ask for a Merkle proof showing that a particular transaction is in one of the Merkle trees whose root is in a block header for the main chain. This gets us pretty far, but Bitcoin-style light clients do have their limitations. One particular limitation is that, while they can prove the inclusion of transactions, they cannot prove anything about the current state eg.
How many bitcoins do you have right now? A Bitcoin light client can use a protocol involving querying multiple nodes and trusting that at least one of them will notify you of any particular transaction spending from your addresses, and this will get you quite far for that use case, but for other more complex applications it isn't nearly enough; the precise nature of the effect of a transaction can depend on the effect of several previous transactions, which themselves depend on previous transactions, and so ultimately you would have to authenticate every single transaction in the entire chain.
To get around this, Ethereum takes the Merkle tree concept one step further. Merkle Proofs in Ethereum Every block header in Ethereum contains not just one Merkle tree, but three trees for three kinds of objects: Transactions Receipts essentially, pieces of data showing the effect of each transaction State This allows for a highly advanced light client protocol that allows light clients to easily make and get verifiable answers to many kinds of queries: Has this transaction been included in a particular block?
Tell me all instances of an event of type X eg. Does this account exist? Pretend to run this transaction on this contract. What would the output be? The first is handled by the transaction tree; the third and fourth are handled by the state tree, and the second by the receipt tree. The first four are fairly straightforward to compute; the server simply finds the object, fetches the Merkle branch the list of hashes going up from the object to the tree root and replies back to the light client with the branch.
The fifth is also handled by the state tree, but the way that it is computed is more complex. Here, we need to construct what can be called a Merkle state transition proof. Essentially, it is a proof which make the claim "if you run transaction T on the state with root S, the result will be a state with root S', with log L and output O" "output" exists as a concept in Ethereum because every transaction is a function call; it is not theoretically necessary.
To compute the proof, the server locally creates a fake block, sets the state to S, and pretends to be a light client while applying the transaction. That is, if the process of applying the transaction requires the client to determine the balance of an account, the light client makes a balance query.
If the light client needs to check a particular item in the storage of a particular contract, the light client makes a query for that, and so on. The server "responds" to all of its own queries correctly, but keeps track of all the data that it sends back. The server then sends the client the combined data from all of these requests as a proof.
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