Irresistibly drawn, he moved closer. The blood had dried long since. But adhering to it, unmistakably, were a dozen strands of bright blonde hair. And on the ground next to the tree, a horn toggle with a scrap of material still attached. Notice the liberal use of commas. McDermid wants the reader to slow down and absorb, along with her detective, every awful detail of the death scene. When you want your reader to slow down, commas are your friends.
What about the dash and its cousin the ellipses? I use both often in my work. In my mind, a dash signals an abruption interruption in thought or speech. An ellipses, in contrast, is a trailing off of the same. Can you imagine the tortuous second-guessing my parents put themselves through? If they had forced her to go to a better hotel. It is a useful little bugger. Le Carre also uses dashes in mid-narrative to inject parenthetical info.
Again, depending on your style, a parenthetical dash might be good. Or it can look fussy. And be aware it tends to slow down your narrative. Poetry is a different animal altogether. Okay, we need a word about exclamation marks. I know, I know…seems a simple matter. Many writers throw them in thoughtlessly, as if trying to wring emotion from readers. In my mind, exclamation marks are like adverbs. If you need one, your dialogue is probably flaccid.
Think of it as a potent spice — in the right place, it does wonders for your word stew. Trust me! And what about the colon? Does it have a place in our genre? It feels outdated. What about if you need to list things, as in this example, which I made up: Jack Reacher was afraid of only three things: women wearing red stilettos, men in turbans, and snakes. Or this: Jack Reacher was afraid of only three things — women wearing red stilettos, men in turbans, and snakes.
The second one feels right to me. I say if your colon is acting up, try a dash. Which brings us, alas, to the dreaded semi-colon. Please use the comment section to argue your case otherwise. I never use one. So sue me. Radiotelegraphy using Morse code was vital during World War II , especially in carrying messages between the warships and the naval bases of the belligerents.
Long-range ship-to-ship communication was by radio telegraphy, using encrypted messages because the voice radio systems on ships then were quite limited in both their range and their security. Radiotelegraphy was also extensively used by warplanes , especially by long-range patrol planes that were sent out by those navies to scout for enemy warships, cargo ships, and troop ships. Morse code was used as an international standard for maritime distress until when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System.
When the French Navy ceased using Morse code on January 31, , the final message transmitted was "Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence. Similarly, a few U. Characters have differing lengths because they contain differing numbers of dits and dahs. Consequently, words also have different lengths in terms of dot duration, even when they contain the same number of characters.
For this reason, a standard word is helpful to measure operator transmission speed. In addition to knowing, understanding, and being able to copy the standard written alpha-numeric and punctuation characters or symbols at high speeds, skilled high speed operators must also be fully knowledgeable of all of the special unwritten Morse code symbols for the standard Prosigns for Morse code and the meanings of these special procedural signals in standard Morse code communications protocol.
International contests in code copying are still occasionally held. Army base. To accurately compare code copying speed records of different eras it is useful to keep in mind that different standard words 50 dit durations versus 60 dit durations and different interword gaps 5 dit durations versus 7 dit durations may have been used when determining such speed records. Today among amateur operators there are several organizations that recognize high-speed code ability, one group consisting of those who can copy Morse at 60 WPM.
Their basic award starts at 10 WPM with endorsements as high as 40 WPM, and are available to anyone who can copy the transmitted text. Members of the Boy Scouts of America may put a Morse interpreter's strip on their uniforms if they meet the standards for translating code at 5 WPM. Navy signalman sends Morse code signals in It was also necessary to pass written tests on operating practice and electronics theory.
A unique additional demand for the First Class was a requirement of a year of experience for operators of shipboard and coast stations using Morse. This allowed the holder to be chief operator on board a passenger ship. However, since the use of satellite and very high-frequency maritime communications systems GMDSS has made them obsolete.
By that point meeting experience requirement for the First was very difficult. Currently, only one class of license, the Radiotelegraph Operator License, is issued. This is granted either when the tests are passed or as the Second and First are renewed and become this lifetime license.
For new applicants, it requires passing a written examination on electronic theory and radiotelegraphy practices, as well as 16 WPM code-group and 20 WPM text tests. However, the code exams are currently waived for holders of Amateur Extra Class licenses who obtained their operating privileges under the old 20 WPM test requirement.
International Morse code Morse code has been in use for more than years — longer than any other electrical coding system. What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse. The Modern International Morse code, or continental code, was created by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in and initially used for telegraphy between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany. Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the numerals , providing the foundation for the modern form of the code.
Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States and Canada, became known as American Morse code or "railroad code". American Morse code is now seldom used except in historical re-enactments.
In aviation , pilots use radio navigation aids. To ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable, the stations transmit a set of identification letters usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name in Morse code. Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts. In Canada, the identification is removed entirely to signify the navigation aid is not to be used. In the U. Some modern navigation receivers automatically translate the code into displayed letters.
The sound of non directional beacon WG, on kHz, located at The paddle, when pressed to the right by the thumb, generates a series of dits, the length and timing of which are controlled by a sliding weight toward the rear of the unit. When pressed to the left by the knuckle of the index finger, the paddle generates a single dah, the length of which is controlled by the operator.
Multiple dahs require multiple presses. Left-handed operators use a key built as a mirror image of this one. International Morse code today is most popular among amateur radio operators, in the mode commonly referred to as " continuous wave " or "CW". This name was chosen to distinguish it from the damped wave emissions from spark transmitters, not because the transmission is continuous.
Other keying methods are available in radio telegraphy, such as frequency-shift keying. The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively since voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around Until , the International Telecommunication Union mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide. However, the World Radiocommunication Conference of made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional.
Demonstration of this ability was still required for the privilege to use the HF bands. While voice and data transmissions are limited to specific amateur radio bands under U. In some countries, certain portions of the amateur radio bands are reserved for transmission of Morse code signals only.
Because Morse code transmissions employ an on-off keyed radio signal, it requires less complex transmission equipment than other forms of radio communication. Morse code also requires less signal bandwidth than voice communication, typically — Hz , compared to the roughly 2, Hz used by single-sideband voice , although at a slower data rate. The fact that the transmitted power is concentrated into a very limited bandwidth makes it possible to use narrow receiver filters, which suppress or eliminate interference on nearby frequencies.
The narrow signal bandwidth also takes advantage of the natural aural selectivity of the human brain, further enhancing weak signal readability. There are several amateur clubs that require solid high speed copy, the highest of these has a standard of 60 WPM. The relatively limited speed at which Morse code can be sent led to the development of an extensive number of abbreviations to speed communication.
These include prosigns, Q codes , and a set of Morse code abbreviations for typical message components. For example, CQ is broadcast to be interpreted as "seek you" I'd like to converse with anyone who can hear my signal. QTH is "transmitting location" spoken "my Q. The use of abbreviations for common terms permits conversation even when the operators speak different languages. Although the traditional telegraph key straight key is still used by some amateurs, the use of mechanical semi-automatic keyers known as "bugs" and of fully automatic electronic keyers is prevalent today.
Software is also frequently employed to produce and decode Morse code radio signals. The ARRL has a readability standard for robot encoders called ARRL Farnsworth spacing [42] that is supposed to have higher readability for both robot and human decoders.
Some programs like WinMorse [43] have implemented the standard. Navy , have long used signal lamps to exchange messages in Morse code. Modern use continues, in part, as a way to communicate while maintaining radio silence. Many amateur radio repeaters identify with Morse, even though they are used for voice communications.
This can be sent many ways: keying a radio on and off, flashing a mirror, toggling a flashlight, and similar methods. The SOS signal is not sent as three separate characters; rather, it is a prosign SOS, and is keyed without gaps between characters. An original solution to the problem that caretakers have to learn to decode has been an electronic typewriter with the codes written on the keys. Codes were sung by users; see the voice typewriter employing Morse or votem.
In some cases, this means alternately blowing into and sucking on a plastic tube " sip-and-puff " interface. An important advantage of Morse code over row column scanning is that once learned, it does not require looking at a display. Also, it appears faster than scanning.
In one case reported in the radio amateur magazine QST , [54] an old shipboard radio operator who had a stroke and lost the ability to speak or write could communicate with his physician a radio amateur by blinking his eyes in Morse. Two examples of communication in intensive care units were also published in QST magazine. In these two cases, interpreters were available to understand those series of eye-blinks.
Representation, timing, and speeds The text "Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. Problems playing this file? See media help. This section includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help.
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Although previous transmitters were bulky and the spark gap system of transmission was dangerous and difficult to use, there had been some early attempts: In , the U. Navy experimented with sending Morse from an airplane. The same year, , a radio on the airship America was instrumental in coordinating the rescue of its crew. However, there was little aeronautical radio in general use during World War I , and in the s, there was no radio system used by such important flights as that of Charles Lindbergh from New York to Paris in Once he and the Spirit of St.
Louis were off the ground, Lindbergh was truly incommunicado and alone. Morse code in aviation began regular use in the mids. By , when the first airplane flight was made by the Southern Cross from California to Australia, one of its four crewmen was a radio operator who communicated with ground stations via radio telegraph.
Beginning in the s, both civilian and military pilots were required to be able to use Morse code, both for use with early communications systems and for identification of navigational beacons that transmitted continuous two- or three-letter identifiers in Morse code.
Aeronautical charts show the identifier of each navigational aid next to its location on the map. In addition, rapidly moving field armies could not have fought effectively without radiotelegraphy; they moved more quickly than their communications services could put up new telegraph and telephone lines. Army in France and Belgium in , and in southern Germany in Maritime flash telegraphy and radio telegraphy A U. Navy Morse Code training class in The sailors will use their new skills to collect signals intelligence.
Radiotelegraphy using Morse code was vital during World War II , especially in carrying messages between the warships and the naval bases of the belligerents. Long-range ship-to-ship communication was by radio telegraphy, using encrypted messages because the voice radio systems on ships then were quite limited in both their range and their security. Radiotelegraphy was also extensively used by warplanes , especially by long-range patrol planes that were sent out by those navies to scout for enemy warships, cargo ships, and troop ships.
Morse code was used as an international standard for maritime distress until when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. When the French Navy ceased using Morse code on January 31, , the final message transmitted was "Calling all. This is our last cry before our eternal silence. Similarly, a few U. Characters have differing lengths because they contain differing numbers of dits and dahs.
Consequently, words also have different lengths in terms of dot duration, even when they contain the same number of characters. For this reason, a standard word is helpful to measure operator transmission speed. In addition to knowing, understanding, and being able to copy the standard written alpha-numeric and punctuation characters or symbols at high speeds, skilled high speed operators must also be fully knowledgeable of all of the special unwritten Morse code symbols for the standard Prosigns for Morse code and the meanings of these special procedural signals in standard Morse code communications protocol.
International contests in code copying are still occasionally held. Army base. To accurately compare code copying speed records of different eras it is useful to keep in mind that different standard words 50 dit durations versus 60 dit durations and different interword gaps 5 dit durations versus 7 dit durations may have been used when determining such speed records.
Today among amateur operators there are several organizations that recognize high-speed code ability, one group consisting of those who can copy Morse at 60 WPM. Their basic award starts at 10 WPM with endorsements as high as 40 WPM, and are available to anyone who can copy the transmitted text. Members of the Boy Scouts of America may put a Morse interpreter's strip on their uniforms if they meet the standards for translating code at 5 WPM. Navy signalman sends Morse code signals in It was also necessary to pass written tests on operating practice and electronics theory.
A unique additional demand for the First Class was a requirement of a year of experience for operators of shipboard and coast stations using Morse. This allowed the holder to be chief operator on board a passenger ship. However, since the use of satellite and very high-frequency maritime communications systems GMDSS has made them obsolete. By that point meeting experience requirement for the First was very difficult.
Currently, only one class of license, the Radiotelegraph Operator License, is issued. This is granted either when the tests are passed or as the Second and First are renewed and become this lifetime license. For new applicants, it requires passing a written examination on electronic theory and radiotelegraphy practices, as well as 16 WPM code-group and 20 WPM text tests. However, the code exams are currently waived for holders of Amateur Extra Class licenses who obtained their operating privileges under the old 20 WPM test requirement.
International Morse code Morse code has been in use for more than years — longer than any other electrical coding system. What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse. The Modern International Morse code, or continental code, was created by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in and initially used for telegraphy between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany.
Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the numerals , providing the foundation for the modern form of the code. Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States and Canada, became known as American Morse code or "railroad code". American Morse code is now seldom used except in historical re-enactments. In aviation , pilots use radio navigation aids. To ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable, the stations transmit a set of identification letters usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name in Morse code.
Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts. In Canada, the identification is removed entirely to signify the navigation aid is not to be used. In the U. Some modern navigation receivers automatically translate the code into displayed letters. The sound of non directional beacon WG, on kHz, located at The paddle, when pressed to the right by the thumb, generates a series of dits, the length and timing of which are controlled by a sliding weight toward the rear of the unit.
When pressed to the left by the knuckle of the index finger, the paddle generates a single dah, the length of which is controlled by the operator. Multiple dahs require multiple presses. Left-handed operators use a key built as a mirror image of this one. International Morse code today is most popular among amateur radio operators, in the mode commonly referred to as " continuous wave " or "CW".
This name was chosen to distinguish it from the damped wave emissions from spark transmitters, not because the transmission is continuous. Other keying methods are available in radio telegraphy, such as frequency-shift keying. The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively since voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around Until , the International Telecommunication Union mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide.
However, the World Radiocommunication Conference of made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional. Demonstration of this ability was still required for the privilege to use the HF bands. While voice and data transmissions are limited to specific amateur radio bands under U. In some countries, certain portions of the amateur radio bands are reserved for transmission of Morse code signals only.
Because Morse code transmissions employ an on-off keyed radio signal, it requires less complex transmission equipment than other forms of radio communication. Morse code also requires less signal bandwidth than voice communication, typically — Hz , compared to the roughly 2, Hz used by single-sideband voice , although at a slower data rate. The fact that the transmitted power is concentrated into a very limited bandwidth makes it possible to use narrow receiver filters, which suppress or eliminate interference on nearby frequencies.
The narrow signal bandwidth also takes advantage of the natural aural selectivity of the human brain, further enhancing weak signal readability. There are several amateur clubs that require solid high speed copy, the highest of these has a standard of 60 WPM. The relatively limited speed at which Morse code can be sent led to the development of an extensive number of abbreviations to speed communication.
These include prosigns, Q codes , and a set of Morse code abbreviations for typical message components. For example, CQ is broadcast to be interpreted as "seek you" I'd like to converse with anyone who can hear my signal. QTH is "transmitting location" spoken "my Q. The use of abbreviations for common terms permits conversation even when the operators speak different languages. Although the traditional telegraph key straight key is still used by some amateurs, the use of mechanical semi-automatic keyers known as "bugs" and of fully automatic electronic keyers is prevalent today.
Software is also frequently employed to produce and decode Morse code radio signals. The ARRL has a readability standard for robot encoders called ARRL Farnsworth spacing [42] that is supposed to have higher readability for both robot and human decoders. Some programs like WinMorse [43] have implemented the standard. Navy , have long used signal lamps to exchange messages in Morse code.
Modern use continues, in part, as a way to communicate while maintaining radio silence. Many amateur radio repeaters identify with Morse, even though they are used for voice communications. Long-range ship-to-ship communication was by radio telegraphy, using encrypted messages because the voice radio systems on ships then were quite limited in both their range and their security.
Radiotelegraphy was also extensively used by warplanes , especially by long-range patrol planes that were sent out by those navies to scout for enemy warships, cargo ships, and troop ships. Morse code was used as an international standard for maritime distress until when it was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. When the French Navy ceased using Morse code on January 31, , the final message transmitted was "Calling all.
This is our last cry before our eternal silence. Similarly, a few U. Characters have differing lengths because they contain differing numbers of dits and dahs. Consequently, words also have different lengths in terms of dot duration, even when they contain the same number of characters. For this reason, a standard word is helpful to measure operator transmission speed.
In addition to knowing, understanding, and being able to copy the standard written alpha-numeric and punctuation characters or symbols at high speeds, skilled high speed operators must also be fully knowledgeable of all of the special unwritten Morse code symbols for the standard Prosigns for Morse code and the meanings of these special procedural signals in standard Morse code communications protocol.
International contests in code copying are still occasionally held. Army base. To accurately compare code copying speed records of different eras it is useful to keep in mind that different standard words 50 dit durations versus 60 dit durations and different interword gaps 5 dit durations versus 7 dit durations may have been used when determining such speed records. Today among amateur operators there are several organizations that recognize high-speed code ability, one group consisting of those who can copy Morse at 60 WPM.
Their basic award starts at 10 WPM with endorsements as high as 40 WPM, and are available to anyone who can copy the transmitted text. Members of the Boy Scouts of America may put a Morse interpreter's strip on their uniforms if they meet the standards for translating code at 5 WPM.
Navy signalman sends Morse code signals in It was also necessary to pass written tests on operating practice and electronics theory. A unique additional demand for the First Class was a requirement of a year of experience for operators of shipboard and coast stations using Morse. This allowed the holder to be chief operator on board a passenger ship. However, since the use of satellite and very high-frequency maritime communications systems GMDSS has made them obsolete.
By that point meeting experience requirement for the First was very difficult. Currently, only one class of license, the Radiotelegraph Operator License, is issued. This is granted either when the tests are passed or as the Second and First are renewed and become this lifetime license. For new applicants, it requires passing a written examination on electronic theory and radiotelegraphy practices, as well as 16 WPM code-group and 20 WPM text tests.
However, the code exams are currently waived for holders of Amateur Extra Class licenses who obtained their operating privileges under the old 20 WPM test requirement. International Morse code Morse code has been in use for more than years — longer than any other electrical coding system. What is called Morse code today is actually somewhat different from what was originally developed by Vail and Morse.
The Modern International Morse code, or continental code, was created by Friedrich Clemens Gerke in and initially used for telegraphy between Hamburg and Cuxhaven in Germany. Gerke changed nearly half of the alphabet and all of the numerals , providing the foundation for the modern form of the code. Morse's original code specification, largely limited to use in the United States and Canada, became known as American Morse code or "railroad code".
American Morse code is now seldom used except in historical re-enactments. In aviation , pilots use radio navigation aids. To ensure that the stations the pilots are using are serviceable, the stations transmit a set of identification letters usually a two-to-five-letter version of the station name in Morse code. Station identification letters are shown on air navigation charts.
In Canada, the identification is removed entirely to signify the navigation aid is not to be used. In the U. Some modern navigation receivers automatically translate the code into displayed letters. The sound of non directional beacon WG, on kHz, located at The paddle, when pressed to the right by the thumb, generates a series of dits, the length and timing of which are controlled by a sliding weight toward the rear of the unit. When pressed to the left by the knuckle of the index finger, the paddle generates a single dah, the length of which is controlled by the operator.
Multiple dahs require multiple presses. Left-handed operators use a key built as a mirror image of this one. International Morse code today is most popular among amateur radio operators, in the mode commonly referred to as " continuous wave " or "CW". This name was chosen to distinguish it from the damped wave emissions from spark transmitters, not because the transmission is continuous.
Other keying methods are available in radio telegraphy, such as frequency-shift keying. The original amateur radio operators used Morse code exclusively since voice-capable radio transmitters did not become commonly available until around Until , the International Telecommunication Union mandated Morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure worldwide.
However, the World Radiocommunication Conference of made the Morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing optional. Demonstration of this ability was still required for the privilege to use the HF bands. While voice and data transmissions are limited to specific amateur radio bands under U.
In some countries, certain portions of the amateur radio bands are reserved for transmission of Morse code signals only. Because Morse code transmissions employ an on-off keyed radio signal, it requires less complex transmission equipment than other forms of radio communication.
Morse code also requires less signal bandwidth than voice communication, typically — Hz , compared to the roughly 2, Hz used by single-sideband voice , although at a slower data rate. The fact that the transmitted power is concentrated into a very limited bandwidth makes it possible to use narrow receiver filters, which suppress or eliminate interference on nearby frequencies.
The narrow signal bandwidth also takes advantage of the natural aural selectivity of the human brain, further enhancing weak signal readability. There are several amateur clubs that require solid high speed copy, the highest of these has a standard of 60 WPM. The relatively limited speed at which Morse code can be sent led to the development of an extensive number of abbreviations to speed communication.
These include prosigns, Q codes , and a set of Morse code abbreviations for typical message components. For example, CQ is broadcast to be interpreted as "seek you" I'd like to converse with anyone who can hear my signal. QTH is "transmitting location" spoken "my Q. The use of abbreviations for common terms permits conversation even when the operators speak different languages.
Although the traditional telegraph key straight key is still used by some amateurs, the use of mechanical semi-automatic keyers known as "bugs" and of fully automatic electronic keyers is prevalent today. Software is also frequently employed to produce and decode Morse code radio signals. The ARRL has a readability standard for robot encoders called ARRL Farnsworth spacing [42] that is supposed to have higher readability for both robot and human decoders.
Some programs like WinMorse [43] have implemented the standard. Navy , have long used signal lamps to exchange messages in Morse code. Modern use continues, in part, as a way to communicate while maintaining radio silence. Many amateur radio repeaters identify with Morse, even though they are used for voice communications. This can be sent many ways: keying a radio on and off, flashing a mirror, toggling a flashlight, and similar methods.
The SOS signal is not sent as three separate characters; rather, it is a prosign SOS, and is keyed without gaps between characters. An original solution to the problem that caretakers have to learn to decode has been an electronic typewriter with the codes written on the keys. Codes were sung by users; see the voice typewriter employing Morse or votem.
In some cases, this means alternately blowing into and sucking on a plastic tube " sip-and-puff " interface. An important advantage of Morse code over row column scanning is that once learned, it does not require looking at a display. Also, it appears faster than scanning. In one case reported in the radio amateur magazine QST , [54] an old shipboard radio operator who had a stroke and lost the ability to speak or write could communicate with his physician a radio amateur by blinking his eyes in Morse.
Two examples of communication in intensive care units were also published in QST magazine. In these two cases, interpreters were available to understand those series of eye-blinks. Representation, timing, and speeds The text "Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.
Problems playing this file? See media help. This section includes inline links to audio files. If you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help. Some mine rescues have used pulling on a rope - a short pull for a dot and a long pull for a dah.
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