The big player will then "Wong in" and wager vastly higher sums up to the table maximum while the count is high. When the count "cools off" or the shoe is shuffled resetting the count , the big player will "Wong out" and look for other counters who are signaling a high count. This was the system used by the MIT Blackjack Team , whose story was in turn the inspiration for the Canadian movie The Last Casino which was later re-made into the Hollywood version This allows big players to move from table to table, maintaining the high-count advantage without being out of action very long.
It also allows redundancy while the big player is seated as both the counter and big player can keep the count as in the movie 21, the spotter can communicate the count to the big player discreetly as they sit down. The disadvantages include requiring multiple spotters who can keep an accurate count, splitting the "take" among all members of the team, requiring spotters to play a table regardless of the count using only basic strategy, these players will lose money long-term , and requiring signals, which can alert pit bosses.
A simple variation removes the loss of having spotters play; the spotters simply watch the table instead of playing and signal big players to Wong in and out as normal. The disadvantages of this variation are reduced ability of the spotter and big player to communicate, reduced comps as the spotters are not sitting down, and vastly increased suspicion, as blackjack is not generally considered a spectator sport in casinos except among those actually playing unlike craps , roulette , and wheels of fortune which have larger displays and so tend to attract more spectators.
Ranging bet sizes and the Kelly criterion[ edit ] A mathematical principle called the Kelly criterion indicates that bet increases should be proportional to the player's advantage. In practice, this means that the higher the count, the more a player should bet to take advantage of the player's edge. Using this principle, a counter can vary bet sizes in proportion to the advantage dictated by a count.
This creates a "bet ramp" according to the principles of the Kelly criterion. A bet ramp is a betting plan with a specific bet size tied to each true count value in such a way that the player wagers proportionally to the player's advantage to maximize bankroll growth.
Taken to its conclusion, the Kelly criterion demands that a player not bet anything when the deck does not offer a positive expectation; "Wonging" implements this. Advantages of up to 2. The variance in blackjack is high, so generating a sizable profit can take hundreds of hours of play. Under one set of circumstances, a player with a unit bet spread with only one-deck cut off of a six-deck game will enjoy an advantage of as much as 1.
Instead, it comes from the increased probability of blackjacks, increased gain and benefits from doubling, splitting, and surrender, and the insurance side bet, which becomes profitable at high counts. Many factors affect expected profit, including: The overall efficiency of a card counting system at detecting player advantage; affects how often the player will actually play a hand at an advantage per period of time The overall efficiency at creating player advantage as a whole; a system may indicate a small advantage when in fact the advantage is much larger — this reduces the overall ROI of the system while in play.
The rules of the game. Penetration will almost directly affect the magnitude of player advantage that is exploitable and the rate that hands are dealt with a player at an advantage. The number of players seated at a table will slow the game pace, and reduce the number of hands a player will be able to play in a given time frame. Game speed, table with side bets will be dealt at a slower pace than tables without them which will reduce the number of hands dealt over time.
The use of an automatic shuffle machine or in rare cases, a dealer dedicated solely to shuffling a new shoe while another is in play, will eliminate the need for the dealer to shuffle the shoe prior to dealing a new one, increasing game speed. Legal status[ edit ] Card counting is not illegal under British law, nor is it under federal, state, or local laws in the United States provided that no external card counting device or person assists the player in counting cards.
Still, casinos object to the practice, and try to prevent it, [21] [22] banning players believed to be counters. In their pursuit to identify card counters, casinos sometimes misidentify and ban players suspected of counting cards even if they do not.
In , Ken Uston , a Blackjack Hall of Fame inductee, filed a lawsuit against an Atlantic City casino, claiming that casinos did not have the right to ban skilled players. The New Jersey Supreme Court agreed, [24] ruling that "the state's control of Atlantic City's casinos is so complete that only the New Jersey Casino Control Commission has the power to make rules to exclude skillful players. As they are unable to ban counters even when identified, Atlantic City casinos have increased the use of countermeasures.
Early counter-strategies featured the dealers learning to count the cards themselves to recognize the patterns in the players. Many casino chains keep databases of players that they consider undesirable. For successful card counters, therefore, skill at "cover" behavior, to hide counting and avoid "drawing heat" and possibly being barred, may be just as important as playing skill.
These include: [32] [33] [34] Dramatic bet variation especially with larger bets being placed only at the end of a shoe. Playing only a small number of hands during a shoe. Refusal to play rated. Playing multiple hands. Lifetime winnings. Card counters may make unique playing strategy deviations not normally used by non-counters. Extremely aggressive plays such as splitting tens and doubling soft 19 and 20 are often called out to the pit to notify them because they are telltale signs of not only card counters but hole carding.
Technology for detecting card counters[ edit ] Several semi-automated systems have been designed to aid the detection of card counters. The MindPlay system now discontinued scanned card values as the cards were dealt. The Shuffle Master Intelligent Shoe system also scans card values as cards exit the shoe. Software called Bloodhound and Protec 21 [35] allows voice input of card and bet values, in an attempt to determine the player edge.
A more recent innovation is the use of RFID signatures embedded within the casino chips so that the table can automatically track bet amounts. To comply with licensing regulations, some blackjack protection systems have been designed to delay access to real-time data on the remaining cards in the shoe. Bet variation. The simplest way a card counter makes money is to bet more when they have an edge. While playing back the tapes of a recent session of play, the software can generate a scatter plot of the amount bet versus the count at the time the bet was made and find the trendline that best fits the scattered points.
If the player is not counting cards, there will be no trend; their bet variation and the count variation will not consistently correlate. If the player is counting and varying bets according to the count, there will be a trend whose slope reflects the player's average edge from this technique.
When card counters vary from basic strategy, they do so in response to the count, to gain an additional edge. The software can verify whether there is a pattern to play variation. Of particular interest is whether the player sometimes when the count is positive takes insurance and stands on 16 versus a dealer 10, but plays differently when the count is negative.
Countermeasures[ edit ] Casinos have spent a great amount of effort and money in trying to thwart card counters. Countermeasures used to prevent card counters from profiting at blackjack include: [40] [41] [29] [42] Decreasing penetration, the number of cards dealt before a shuffle. This reduces the advantage of card counting.
Banning known counters from playing blackjack, all games, or entering casino property trespassing. Shuffling when a player increases their wager or when the casino feels the remaining cards are advantageous to the player preferential shuffling.
Changing rules for splitting, doubling down, or playing multiple hands. This also includes changing a table's stakes. Not allowing entry into a game until a shuffle occurs no mid-shoe entry. Flat betting a player or making it so they cannot change the amount they bet during a shoe. This system has the advantages of being both easy to use and accurate. While you will have to be completely familiar with basic strategy first, you can learn the Hi-Lo count very quickly and be ready to use it after only a few hours practice.
As the Hi-Lo count is often seen as an entry point into card counting it has been written about by every leading blackjack author. Here you can find out how to go about using the Hi-Lo count, followed by why it works and what limitations this method has. Hi-Lo Count — How to Use the Hi-Lo Count When you approach a new table or the shoe has been freshly shuffled you start with a running count of 0 in your head.
For each card you see after that, whether it is dealt to yourself, another player or the dealer, you either add 1 to this running count, subtract 1 or make no change. It is when the count is highest that the remaining deck is more favorable to you and when the count is at its lowest the house benefits.
For the most part your playing decisions should follow basic strategy, so in order to get an edge and increase your profits when the count is favorable, you will need to adjust your bets. When your true count is at 1 or lower you should be betting the minimum then increase it when the count gets to 2. You can then slowly continue betting bigger as the true count goes up before returning to your original bet size when the count is back to 1 or less.
As you become confident using this system you can, based on your true count, take different playing decisions than those described in basic strategy one.
Learn how and when to remove this template message Back-counting, or "Wonging", consists of standing behind a blackjack table and counting the cards as they are dealt.
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Once again, the mathematicians have answered this one for us. According to Professor J. Kelly in , the optimal betting method is to bet a percentage of your total bankroll that corresponds exactly to the percent advantage you have at any particular time. As such, our betting strategy modifies their bet sizing table in order to reduce variance for small bankrolls.
Our Betting Strategy Players bet the minimum when the true count is near 0 or less than 0. We use a system where the betting unit matches the table minimum. It is not blackjack to have a split Ace and a card with a value of Blackjack pays out Insurance bets that win pay 2: 1. Other hands that win pay Before you begin playing, choose a single-deck blackjack game with advantageous rules.
For example, avoid blackjack games that pay out 6 to 5, and instead play single deck blackjack, which pays 3 to 2. Card Counting Card Counting is one of the oldest blackjack strategies in the book. Check out the following card counting methods: Ace 5 You bet more money when the count is two or higher. You bet the least possible amount when the count is one or less. As the number goes up, you bet more. Your maximum bet is 8 to 16 times the value of your smallest bet.
Knock Out In the knock out system, each card worth 10 points is worth 10 points, aces are worth -1, and all cards from 2 to 7 are worth 1. This means that you are counting five high cards and six low cards. Red 7 Arnold Snyder , one of the most renowned blackjack authors, created an uneven counting technique called the Red 7. Hi-Lo Hi-Lo is the most common counting method. With the Hi-Lo counting system, you start at zero and take away one for every ace and point card.
For every card with a value between 2 and 6, you add 1. It has a higher efficiency than other systems; however, its mastery requires time, focus, practice, and patience. The 9 is worth -1, whereas the 10 and the face cards King, Queen, and Jack are worth Aces and eights are both counted as 0. Also known as staying, sticking, or sitting, it means keeping your hand and not asking for extra cards.
If the total of your cards is 17, 18, 19, or 20, you should always stand. Pair Splitting Pair Splitting is a maneuver that players have the option of performing when playing. It is useful when players are given two cards with the same value. In this instance, gamblers can split them, make two unique hands, and receive a new card from the dealer for each hand. This means you can only reach 21 with a nine.
Drawing a valued card requires calculating both aces as ones, giving you Eights: Two eights is a horrible blackjack hand , whether you split or not. Pairing eights restricts your movement. Anything more than a five will bust you. Splitting eights improves your hand. Only three cards can improve a split pair of fours, five, six, or seven. Fives: You should double down unless the dealer has a 9, 10, or ace. Splitting fives can leave you with a weaker hand or improve your probability of busting.
If you surrender in blackjack , you lose half your bet. Hand Shuffling: This is just as it sounds shuffling with hands. But, depending on the house rules, the dealer might shuffle the cards earlier. Automatic Shuffling: This happens in the same way it does when a game ends or when most cards are used.
But a machine does it instead of people mixing the cards by hand. Continuous Shuffling: This is a process whereby cards that have been played are promptly replaced atop the stack of cards that are still available for play. A piece of machinery often does this. However, it is not unheard of for a human dealer to be responsible for such. Misplayed Hands Here are five of the most common misplayed hands : A Pair of 7s: Most people will split the sevens, but the best strategy is to keep them and act like they are a hard Usually, the dealer will have to get to 16 or more.
Then it would be best if you took a hit since you have cards with a value of 7 or lower, which is a big part of the deck. Seven and Ace: Even though most people stand on 18, you should double down. This will give you the best blackjack odds against the house and should help you win more over a more extended period. But if you have a 13 and the dealer has a 3 or less, consider staying. Eleven — Double down on this number, especially if the dealer has a 10 card showing.
A Pair of 9s: If the dealer has a 7 or lower, you should stand.
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