So far, however, there has been no proper evaluation of the possibilities and limitations of these sources for geo-historical research. This paper attempts, for the first time, to record a number of methodological problems through an analysis of the geographical information provided by these sources.
The analysis is based on the use of examples from tax registers from various parts of northern Greece dating from the 15 th up until the 17 th century. At the same time, the limitations of these examples are stressed and attention is drawn to the fact that the use of multiple sources would provide a better basis for answering questions of a geographical nature.
The ultimate aim of the paper is to encourage research into the geo-history of the Ottoman period and to stimulate the production of studies covering a wider geographical area that will help scholars to draw more general conclusions on this particular area of research. Instead, once he was away from Constantinople, he set about organizing a centrally controlled resistance movement. He traveled to cities, villages and makeshift camps to convince soldiers to unite behind the common aim.
However, they were too late. He called two congresses, the first in Erzurum and the second in Sivas on the Black Sea Coast, calling for an independent Turkish state. Under Mustafa Kemal, the congress adopted a National Pact, which sought to safeguard the financial, political and judicial rights of the Turkish nation, along with the retention of Constantinople and the Straits. In November , a new Nationalist government was elected in Constantinople and, two months later, they also adopted the National Pact.
The British in Constantinople reacted with force. They dissolved the government and interned about officials and officers who were sympathetic to the Nationalists. You cannot burn the flag or even wear t-shirts with the flag printed on them. The red color on the flag symbolizes the blood spilled after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the star and crescent stand for independence.
Regions of the country not under Allied control were brought within its remit. The first battle took place in the east with regular border skirmishes between the Turks and Armenians leading to further bloodshed. A treaty was agreed that drew the Armenian border at the same point it had been before Soon after, the Bolsheviks took the Armenian Republic.
Turks and Armenians, aided by French troops who controlled the cities, fought again in the southern region of Cilicia. The French were concerned that further attacks by the Turks would damage their control of Syria and they agreed to leave Cilicia. More importantly, they recognized the Turkish Nationalist government. The Greeks had been awarded a small area around Smyrna for a period of five years.
They tore up this agreement and spread troops throughout the region. Greek forces attacked Turkish soldiers and civilians. Pockets of resistance could not hold out Introduction death in absentia. Even though he was ensconced in Ankara, he took his death warrant as the catalyst for radical change. They were not given any aid. The British, who were in control of areas south of Constantinople, handed these territories to Greece.
During this time, Mustafa Kemal was still mobilizing and training his army. An unlikely ally was found with the signing of a friendship agreement with the Soviets. This provided money and arms for the Turks. They began the Battle of Sakarya to defend Ankara. This was followed by a two-year fight against the Greeks led by Mustafa Kemal himself.
In September , Smyrna was liberated. A devastating fire marked the end of the Greek occupation. It was also at this time that Constantinople became known as Istanbul. The new nation now faced enormous problems with thousands of refugees, the destruction of cities, an economy crippled by war and the breakdown of political institutions.
Greece and Turkey resolved to have an exchange of their populations after it was determined that they could not live together. In , some of the leading military officials resigned to form their own political party, called the Progressive Republicans. Members of the Progressive Republicans were accused of involvement and hanged. Early Turkish Republic, n 33 European dress, calendar and time systems were adopted.
The traditional red fez was outlawed, as were veils for women. The Arabic alphabet was replaced with the Turkish alphabet and Latin script. Polygamy became illegal and by women had been granted the right to vote and hold office in municipalities. Turkey joined the League of Nations, the forerunner to the United Nations, in Two years later, all citizens had to adopt a surname.
Many rushed to adopt patriotic names. His death provoked an enormous outpouring of grief across the country he did so much to liberate and rebuild. His body lay in state for three days while hundreds of thousands of people from Istanbul filed silently past. His coffin was placed on a gun carriage and drawn through Istanbul by soldiers. Introduction He separated religious and state affairs.
Secular courts replaced Shariah courts and the religious school system was abolished. The role of the state in managing the economy is written into the constitution. His style and good looks are captured on the pictures hung in every office, school and home. People still proudly recite his mantra: How happy is the one who can call himself a Turk. His immediate attention was taken by the blackening clouds of another war in Europe. Turkey remained neutral throughout the Second World War.
That did not stop it condemning the Nazi state towards the end of the war, just in time to qualify for United Nations membership. Meanwhile, there was fresh hostility between Russia and Turkey. The Russians staked a claim to former Armenian lands in Eastern Turkey. They withdrew their demands after Britain and the US backed the Ankara government. The US remained influential in Turkey. Adnan Menderes, a politician and cotton grower, and Celal Bayar, a banker, were the protagonists.
They were swept to power in on promises to relax state controls over business and agriculture. Menderes was prime minister and Bayar became president. In return, Turkey granted the US airbases and surveillance stations. As the situation degenerated, Menderes imposed strict curbs on the press and A New Era n 35 The conservative Justice Party entered power in with a commitment to a free market economy and foreign investment.
The late s saw an explosion in socialist action, with strikes and violence bringing further military intervention. Throughout the s, the country was plunged into further upheaval with rising public spending and spiraling debt.
Left-wing uprisings and sectarian clashes pushed the country close to civil war in This time, the military ruled with an iron fist. Political parties were banned and their leaders imprisoned, alongside thousands of suspected terrorists. Turks and Greeks had squabbled over the island since Ottomans times.
Relations deteriorated after when the British granted independence to Cyprus and a powersharing government was established. The situation imploded in when the military junta in Greece deposed Cypriot President Makarios and planned to annex the island. Greek forces attacked Turkish villages, killing thousands of men, women and children. Pleas from Ankara for British aid were ignored, even though this flouted the Treaty of Guarantee designed to ensure Cypriot independence. Ankara responded by sending Turkish troops into the north of the island.
Ankara insists it had no choice. The UN partitioned the island in July , with the northern third under Turkish-Cypriot control and the remainder run by Greek Cypriots. A Green Line runs through the island and divides the capital, Nicosia. Makarios returned to Cyprus as president in December The Turkish north declared itself the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in and retains 30, troops there.
Travel restrictions were eased in and in the months that followed, Greek Cypriots poured across the border to visit villages they had not seen for 30 years. Turks who ventured into Greek territory were greeted by boards showing pictures of Greeks they claim disappeared during the fighting. It gives a shocking, and utterly inaccurate, view of life in the Turkish-Cypriot north.
Introduction jailed political opponents. He was finally thrown out in a popular military coup. A year later, he was sentenced to death. Turkish Cypriots voted in favor of the plan, but Greek Cypriots overwhelmingly rejected it, and so the island remains divided. So far, there has been much talking, but no sight of reunification. The political parties and the candidates could not have links to the disbanded parties.
The military screened the parties and dwindled the numbers down to three. The military expected Sunalp to be the victor. He was to lead the country for a decade. The military was still in charge at local level and influential in politics at the center.
He spent fortunes developing the tourism sector, attracting foreign investment and creating business opportunities, albeit with little regard for rising inflation. It switched between repealing military control and at the same time was accused by Amnesty International of orchestrating torture in Turkish prisons, press censorship and the denial of human rights.
The government denied such reports, but they continued to be obstacles for relations with Europe. A strong, stable government still seemed elusive. The remainder are scattered across other countries. The Kurds are the largest population without their own state.
Where the Kurds came from is unclear.
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Yogesh Jadeja did the research work for twenty four months and prepared a micro planning of all the villages of the district, including the action plan for each village, block and the entire district. The main objective of this sec 08 company is to explore the avenues of industrial development in Kutch and to address the policy related issues of the industries in Kutch.
With the recent change the face of Indian corporate business" Companies Act Companies Act has introduced several new provisions which change the face of Indian corporate business. Rationale The role of corporate by and large has been understood in terms of a commercial business paradigm of thinking that focuses purely on economic parameters of success. As corporate have been regarded as institutions that cater to the market demand by providing products and services, and have the onus for creating wealth and jobs, their market position has traditionally been a function of financial performance and profitability.
However, over the past few years, as a consequence of rising globalization and pressing ecological issues, the perception of the role of corporate in the broader societal context within which it operates, has been altered. The business organizations are now getting involved actively in CSR activities that benefit the communities living around and others. Exploring possibilities to integrate to the CSR portfolio could be one way of starting the process. The title of this paper itself states about the rationale behind this i.
It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. Shared perspective on Regional Development: 2.
Develop a Corpus for addressing Regional Development 3. Facilitating members to achieve CSR goals. Fund Raising for Regional Development 5. It is imperative that FOKIA as an industrial platform cannot be selective on Sectoral interventions; particular Government requests have to be responded.
Road Map 1. The technical committees will be formed by FOKIA management each committee will have one chairperson and a member secretary with two other members. The technical committee would meet quarterly to discuss concurrent issues. Some of the suggested technical committees are; A. Liaison with Government for leveraging funds B.
Corporate Community relationships D. Partnership and Fund Raising 2. Monitoring and Review meetings to be held bi—monthly or quarterly wherein CSR activities of individual companies, based practices, key achievements and other issues may be discussed. Monthly meeting with District Collector on thematic issue to be discussed. These meetings should aim to achieve intra corporate partnership rather than reporting on progress.
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