Moore concludes [T]he Anatolian wise woman enacts many roles for many reasons, but fundamentally she is a mediator, a culturally recognized expert in the art of conflict resolution. Behind all the rituals, incantation, and divinations, the reason that kings and commoners come to her is their fundamental need to resolve disputes with warring enemies. Joab calls upon the wise woman of Tekoa to attempt to mediate the conflict between David and his rebellious son Absalom.
Perceiving that this family rift has the potential to paralyze the entire nation, he does what other ancient leaders might do in such a crisis: he calls for a wise woman to help resolve the conflict Moore, The wise woman of Abel manages to negotiate an end to a siege of her city by bargaining with Joab for the head of the rebel, Sheba. Are we to infer that the wise woman somehow won them a pardon in exchange for handing over their leader?
A further example of this theme is Abigail 1 Sam The Talmud states, It was taught: The daughters of Zelophehad were wise women, they were exegetes, they were virtuous. They [must] have been wise, since they spoke at an opportune moment; for R. Samuel son of R. Isaac said: [Scripture] teaches that Moses our master was sitting and holding forth an exposition on the section of levirate marriages, as it is said, If brethren dwell together.
Baba Batra b In other words, the daughters of Zelophehad fulfill a mediatorial or intercessory role on their own behalf and on behalf of their deceased father. Like Deborah, they are competent jurists with astute legal prowess. Liminality Wise women did not merely serve as mediators between individuals, families, and tribes. In the ancient world wise women were present at most rites of passage.
People also called upon them in times of crisis, plague, war, illness, and calamity. Preindustrial peoples were acutely aware of the spiritual potentials and dangers of such times. For that reason, they consistently and universally marked the natural turning points of life—birth, death, marriage, puberty, etc. These rituals continue to exist in many conservative cultures throughout the world.
Women in particular seem to take on an important role during these crises of life. In Rome, ten Sybils—prophetesses—are mentioned by name in the prologue to the Sybilline Oracles. Oliver Gurney notes at least thirteen perhaps as many as thirty-two of these women by name in the Hittite literature Michael S.
The Old Testament relates two stories about wise women. Other biblical women flesh out our understanding of the Hebrew wise-woman tradition, as we shall see. According to Carol L. Meyers writes, All emerge as strong women with no negative valuation, perhaps because during the period of the judges, a time of social and political crisis, able people of any status could contribute to group efforts.
In the rural, agrarian setting of the period of the judges, with the family as the dominant social institution, the important role of women in family life was more readily transferred to matters of public concern than during the monarchy, with its more formal and hierarchical power structures. Deborah as a strong woman reflects her own gifts as well as a relatively open phase in Israelite society.
Carol L. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan Oxford University Press, They were mainly women of the country, not the cities, and their leadership was related to their roles and contributions in that setting. And to be sure, women by their nature had advantages in certain leadership capacities in a tribal setting.
As Claudia V. Camp explains, They were intimate with at least two family groups and trained, however informally, to function as interfamilial diplomats. Perdue [Eisenbrauns, ] Precisely because of their roles in society as wives and mothers, therefore, women were well placed to serve as mediators of family and tribal conflicts. In fact, this is a role wise women undertake in other ancient cultures as well.
For example, Moore relates the case of Mastigga, a wise woman from Kizzuwatna in Anatolia, who uses folk wisdom and sympathetic magic to help resolve domestic conflicts: To identify the evil which poisons her clients she takes soft wax and molds it into the shape of human tongues. Then she magically transfers the evil from her clients into these wax images by a series of incantations. Thus, by means of both substitutionary and expulsionary magic, the wise woman resolves the dispute.
Although this imagery is metaphorical, it does suggest a connection between the teaching and leading functions of the wise woman and her primary social role in rearing children and managing the patriarchal household Camp, The leadership of wise women was therefore generally informal, but for that reason no less legitimate or publicly recognized. And because of the informality of their leadership, it had greater flexibility to withstand and endure change Camp, At this point we should take stock of the picture that seems to be emerging.
We note the rural, down-to-earth aspects of the wise-woman tradition. It is far more at home in remote villages like Tekoa or Abel than in the royal capital with its highly institutionalized, and therefore highly patriarchal, concepts of authority. In fact, centralization and institutionalization of power would have tended to erode the authority of wise women. Under such conditions, the authority of wise women would almost certainly be minimized as their base of power is eroded.
The city may demand specialization, centralization, and clear lines of authority. In the countryside, however, traditional folkways live on. That we use the word today to describe polytheistic, pre-Christian religions testifies to the relatively greater success Christianity experienced in the cities of the Mediterranean world as opposed to the persistence of older belief systems in isolated, rural areas. In Israel, these rural areas continued in the ancient tribal customs.
And therefore there remained there a place for wise women to exercise their leadership. Who were these women, and what were they like? Kyle McCarter thinks the affinities are strong enough to read the story of Abigail intertextually with the story of the wise woman of Tekoa. King Toi is mentioned in 2 Samuel and 1 Chronicles The article is by C. If this withstands the scrutiny of the scholarly world, this may be of outstanding significance for giving historical basis for at least some of the biblical narratives relating to the early monarchy in Israel.
Thus, if the Tel Dan stele demonstrated that the kingdom of Judah and its founder, David, were known in the mid-9th century, this evidence may provide evidence of the existence of a king mentioned in the Davidic cycle, who was previously unknown from any other extra-biblical sources.
Very interesting and of potential immense importance for the understanding of the early monarchy in Israel. According to a recent report by the University of Haifa, Gershon Galil has deciphered the text, written in ink on a small piece of pottery shard, and concluded that it is written in an archaic form of Hebrew. This makes the Khirbet Qeiyafa inscription—discovered barely a year ago—the oldest surviving example of written Hebrew. Rehabilitate [the poor] at the hands of the king.
This is certainly true of the second point: at best the inscription indicates that writing was not unknown in tenth-century Israel. It says nothing about any biblical texts. But what about the first point, that the Khirbet Qeiyafa inscription indicates that there was already a kingdom of Israel in the tenth century? However, the evidence seems to indicate, at least to me, that in the tenth century there was a king in Israel and writing was occurring outside Jerusalem.
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